Theory Of Constaints Assignment Essay Example for Free

Hypothesis Of Constaints Assignment Essay Question 1:â â â Highlight the creation the board reasoning and standards of TOC Any assembling company’s achievement is subject to how well its assets perform, as such the degree of execution of its processing plant. The factory’s execution is thusly compelled by the assembling foundation and is consequently planned in order to suit the company’s methodology identified with the items and their amounts. Creation the board basically takes the company’s key prerequisites as far as its key serious targets, for example shorter lead time, minimal effort and so forth. , and makes an interpretation of them into plan for the processing plant condition as far as stock, work sequencing and time table and so forth., with the goal that these targets are met (Childe, 1997, p.28). In a modern domain, there are consistently requirements that influence the throughput of a framework as far as amount or nature of item conveyed or the conveyance time (Lange Ziegenbien, 2005, p.1).Some of these limitations are bottlenecks for example assets whose accessibility is not exactly the interest set on them, while others are expected bottlenecks or Capacity Constrained Resources CCRs for example assets what utilization's identity is near limit and if there should be an occurrence of non-ideal usage may become bottleneck (Telsang, 2002, p. 518). Hypothesis of Constraints was created to address such down to earth issues in assembling. This hypothesis given by Goldman and Cox in their renowned book Goal is fundamentally a creations and activities the board technique managing the CCRs for example likely bottlenecks in an industry domain (Quassin, 2000, p.3). As per Goldman and Cox, the objective of all the assembling organizations is to bring in cash (cited, Childe, 1997, p.29). Thus as indicated by them the accomplishment for any assembling organization would come in the event that they can appropriately distinguish the means to their business and, at that point manage the limitations which would end up being available or possible bottlenecks in accomplishing the objective (Childe, 1997, p.115) The Theory of Constraints was created in over a decade’s period, by the Israeli Physicist Dr. Eliyahu M Goldratt dependent on his perceptions of certain normal qualities that impact framework activities (Dettmer, 1998, p.11). This joined with his considerations involves the Theory of Constraints TOC, which is an assortment of standards, a lot of nonexclusive instruments and the particular uses of these apparatuses. The standards clarify the administration activities and the different communications between forms. The devices are techniques that can be utilized to apply these standards in explicit occasions, while the applications are where these devices have been effectively applied in these circumstances commonly with the goal that they can be considered as nonexclusive answers for the issues. Subsequently, the TOC is as yet developing right up 'til the present time (Dettmer Schragenheim, 2000, p.13). Among the standards of TOC, the most fundamental are three key presumptions about imperative administration, five centering steps to control the framework and three measures to survey whether the moves being made at the neighborhood level are creating the ideal outcomes at the worldwide level. Suspicions †TOC depends on three interrelated premises:  Every framework has an objective and resource of important conditions that must be fulfilled if the objective must be accomplished, The general system’s execution is something beyond the whole of its segment exhibitions, and Not many components or limitations, frequently just one, limit a system’s execution at some random time (Ronen, 2005, p.21) Five Focusing Steps †Goldratt made five stages as an approach to ensure that the administration centers around the procedure for constant improvement Recognize the system’s requirement, Conclude how to misuse the system’s requirement, Subordinate everything else to the choice made in the stride above Assess elective approaches to raise the requirement Come back to the first step in the event that the framework requirements have been changed (Srinivasan, Jones Miller, n.d., p.136) Assessment †The assessment of the working choices should be possible by the three money related measuring sticks which are given by the requirement hypothesis †Throughput (T), Inventory or Investment (I), and Operation Expense (OE) (Dettmer Schragenheim, 2000, p.40). These structure the measuring sticks in light of the fact that as referenced before, as indicated by Goldman and Cox, the objective of all the assembling organizations is to bring in cash (cited, Childe, 1997, p.29) Question 2:â â â Describe how TOC can assist with organizing the most beneficial high effect activities inside a creation situation The utilization of Theory of Constraints in the creation the executives was at first done to take care of the issues of bottlenecks, booking and stock decrease (Wang, 2002, p. 149). Industry’s expect to accomplish the objective of bringing in cash has been generally accomplished by lessening the working expenses. The rationale is that each dollar that is spared signifies the benefit. A convincing purpose behind embracing such a measure is, that the expenses can be controlled. The subsequent stage is to decrease the stock while expanding the throughput is the last need with the creation supervisors. Japanese saw the worth that can be accomplished by lessening the stock and thus put this as their main goal. They created what is known as the Just-in-Time reasoning. For doing this the pipeline should be continued streaming for example a force marvel, which correspondingly builds the significance of expanding the throughput to being the second most noteworthy need (Dettmer Schragenheim, 2000, p.44). Be that as it may, as indicated by Goldratt’s Constraint hypothesis, the most elevated need ought to be given to expanding the throughput, while diminishing the stock or speculation ought to have the subsequent need and decreasing the working cost ought to be the last need (Bushong Talbott, 1999, p. 2). The explanation behind this is in the customary strategies, the creation supervisors were expecting that a vast measure of hours were accessible in each factory’s work and machines, which isn't for all intents and purposes conceivable. Subsequently, Goldratt started by accepting that the assembling organization is basically a framework with machines and individuals accessible for limited timeframes every day or week or month. He further expected that at any moment in time just a single processing plant or asset could end up being a bottleneck in accomplishing the objective of bringing in cash. Thus, it followed that if this bottleneck was rushing to its full limit, speeding up different focuses would not do any great, as the speed of this specific community would not expand (McMullen, 1998, p.105). This can likewise be clarified as follows. Hypothetically the any of the imperatives could change from zero to boundlessness, however for all intents and purposes the working cost and stock can't be decreased under zero, neither can the throughput be expanded till unendingness. In any case, as far as possible for decreasing the working cost and the stock are in reality a lot higher than zero. This is on the grounds that the makers need to burn through cash on them so as to bring in cash from the final results utilizing these ventures as sources of info. While as far as possible for expanding the throughput is still substantially less than boundlessness, yet its potential for signifying the benefits is a lot higher than the possibility to do a similar utilizing cost-cutting. Cost-cutting is likewise unsafe in nature, on the grounds that there is consistently the peril of spending not as much as what is required which would straightforwardly affect on the quality, and consequently the stock too over the long haul (Dettmer Schragenheim, 2000, p.44). The administration reasoning of Theory of Constraints can henceforth be seen into three separate regions which are interrelated: coordinations, execution the board and coherent reasoning. Coordinations incorporates the drum-cushion rope planning, support the executives and VAT examination. Utilizing these instruments, the assignments are planned for a creation domain and organized. The following territory is the Performance estimation which incorporates the Throughput, Inventory, the working cost and the five centering steps which have been talked about before. The reasoning procedure devices help in distinguishing the root-issue (current reality tree), recognizing and growing win-win arrangements (dissipating mists and the future reality tree), and building up the execution plans (essential tree and change tree) (Stein, 1997, p. 199). .DBR Scheduling †The reason for the DBR or drum-cradle rope booking is the factory’s essential limitation which could be a present or possible bottleneck. This essential imperative goes about as the drum for the DB planning. This planning procedure delivers the calendar of what employments to be created and in what request on the drum. A period component known as the support is then used to set up the sensible duty dates for the activity and its cutoff time. Some other time component called the rope decides the calendar for bringing extra assignments and materials into the work procedure stream of the activity. Each undertaking or clump in the drum plan has a cradle and a rope time component. There are other time components in the support additionally which when taken as a gathering structure the time cushions (McMullen, 1998, p.106). This DBR planning process synchronizes the whole work all through the industrial facility, and makes a synchronized assembling state by putting together all the calendars with respect to the drum plan or the bottleneck. Likewise, it additionally gives criticism and control process which is known as cradle the executives. The capacity of the cradle the executives framework is to guarantee that the various plant assets which are non-compelled are chipping away at the correct occupations, at the correct occasions in the succession, and in the correct creation cluster amounts with the end goal that the calendars are upheld from the drum errand and client conveyances are met. At last

The Copenhagen Zoo killed Marius the giraffe and four lions.

The Copenhagen Zoo slaughtered Marius the giraffe and four lions. At the point when the Copenhagen Zoo in Denmarkâ killed Marius the giraffeâ on February 9, 2014, the open shock was momentary and around the world. Marius was dismembered before an open crowd, including kids, and afterward took care of to the zoos lions. The excitement had scarcely chilled off when, on March 24, 2014, the equivalent zooâ killed four sound lions, including some who had devoured Marius remains.â Tragically, creatures conceived at zoos don't generally get the opportunity to live their lives out fully. David Williams-Mitchell, a representative for the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria,â told CNN that approximatelyâ 3,000 to 5,000 creatures are murdered every year at EAZA zoos. Of these, few hundred are enormous creatures like giraffes and lions, while the greater part are littler creatures, including creepy crawlies and rodents. As indicated by The Independent, five giraffes have been executed in Danish zoos since 2012, too asâ 22 solid zebras, four hippos and two Arabian Oryx all through Europe. Despite the fact that strategies of the American Association of Zoos and Aquariums are unique in relation to those of the EAZA, the creatures in American zoos don't in every case experience their lives at the zoo. Marius the Giraffe  Marius was a sound, multi year old giraffe who was executed by the Copenhagen Zooâ to forestall inbreeding. Albeit different zoos had offered to take in Marius, one previously had Marius sibling (making Marius hereditarily repetitive at that zoo), and the others were not authorize by the EAZA. Lesley Dickie, Executive Director of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, clarified in a CNN opinion piece that Marius would be probably not going to make due in the wild; cleansing for male giraffes can prompt unfortunate side-effectsâ and contraception for female giraffes is troublesome, in its early stages, can be irreversible. Dickie and Copenhagen Zoo authorities have more than once called attention to that the murdering of Marius was inside EAZA guidelines.â The zoo and their staff have gotten demise dangers and dangers to torch the zoo. Four Lions Killed at Copenhagen Zoo  A couple weeks.after slaughtering Marius, the Copenhagen Zoo executed a group of four sound lions - two guardians and their whelps. The zoo had acquired another, youthful male to mate with the 18-month-old females who had been conceived at the zoo, and didn't need the youthful females to mate with their own father. The zoo contends that the new male would have killed the grown-up male and two youthful offspring, as a major aspect of a male lions regular conduct of killing all the cubsâ and killing the grown-up male when he assumes control over another pride of lions.â The zoo guarantees that no different zoos were keen on taking the lion family. The defenses for slaughtering the lions have concentrated on the creatures regular conduct, however murdering the lions is not really normal. In the wild, the new male would need to remove the male leader of the pride before dominating. This would happen just if the new male were stronger. Survival of the fittest keeps the species solid as it proceeds to evolve.â While another, more grounded male would have executed the current male and the youthful cubs,â this clarification comes up short toâ address why the more established female lion was murdered. Contention . While basic entitlements dissident contradict keeping creatures in zoos paying little heed to their reproducing and slaughtering approaches, the act of murdering abundance creatures is particularly shocking and draws open shock. On the off chance that a great many creatures are slaughtered each year, for what reason did Marius demise gather so much media inclusion? It might have been on the grounds that Marius was dismembered and butchered before an open crowd, and afterward took care of to lions. The debate, be that as it may, was not revolved around the dismemberment and butchering, yet on the reasons the giraffe was slaughtered. As Dickie calls attention to, a zoos assets are limited. They knew or ought to have known ahead of time that Marius would be hereditarily bothersome for reproducing but then they permitted Marius guardians to raise. The contentions against sanitization or moving Marius are unconvincing. The British zoo that needed Marius is equipped for making their own assurance concerning whether Marius was important, and the issues with sanitization can't be more awful than death. The entire issue seems to originate from the zoos want to include infant creatures, regardless of whether permitting the creatures to repeat prompts overbreeding, stuffing and killing.â Supporters of the zoo call attention to that lions are routinely taken care of meat from dead creatures, and numerous pundits of the zoo are not veggie lover. In any case, regardless of whether a few pundits of the zoo are wolves in sheep's clothing is a different issue from whether the zoo was directly in slaughtering Marius. Basic entitlements activists don't have confidence in keeping any creatures in zoos (not be mistaken for havens), and are vegetarian, so there is no irregularity in the basic entitlements position.â After the four lions were executed, humor site The Global Edition distributed a satirical piece, Copenhagen Zoo Kills Four Healthy Staff Members To Make Space For New Employees. American Zoos and Aquariums While European zoos would prefer to permit the creatures to normally repeat and execute abundance creatures, American zoos lean toward contraception. Concerning killing,â the American Association of Zoos and Aquariums expressed in a press release, Incidents of that sort don't occur at AZA-licensed zoos and aquariums, bringing up that AZA-authorize zoos limit overbreeding. AZA zoos do here and there overbreed, prompting creatures being offered to unaccredited zoos, carnivals, and even canned chasing operations.â Jack Hanna,â director emeritus of the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium in Ohio, called the murdering of Marius the most odious, coldhearted, crazy thing Ive ever known about. What is the arrangement?  Many have contended that Marius could have been sanitized, that his folks could have been cleaned, or that Marius ought to have been moved to another zoo. The lions could have likewise gone to another zoo, the zoo could have constructed a second lion enclosure,â or the zoo could have passed on getting the new lion. While these arrangements may have spared these five lives, the issue is greater than these five creatures. Keeping creatures in imprisonment, whether or not they are reared, overbred, or deliberately killed,â violates the creatures rightsâ to live their lives liberated from human use and abuse. From a basic entitlements perspective, the arrangement is to blacklist zoos and all creature pitilessness, and go veggie lover.

Workplace Observation Essays -- Pharmacies Pharmacy Business Essays

Work environment Observation I am at present utilized at B&L pharmaceuticals, perhaps the biggest production of nonexclusive meds on the planet. In this paper I will talk about how correspondence streams in my work environment, hierarchical assorted variety, and peace promotion. With my present situation as a Group Leader the progression of correspondence is significant. Correspondence Correspondence at B&L comprises of messages, work strategies and arrangements, phones, and release board postings all through the office. A lion's share of the messages are sent both inside and remotely, make the greater part of the correspondence that happens here at B&L. Utilizing standpoint express, messages likewise take into account the booking of gatherings and arrangements. Phones are utilized to impart inside the organization by dialing exte...

Culture as a Mirror of Religious Beliefs free essay sample

An investigation of how four principle religions have their convictions reflected in their societies and social orders. The paper shows how religion is one of the characterizing parts of someones life, and their way of life. A great deal of races, nationalities and nations are established upon the convictions of their religion. Their way of life gets reflected in those convictions, as does the structure of their general public. Four religions with such impacts Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Shinto are investigated in this paper. Tragically such an extensive amount the historical backdrop of Judaism, and its effect on human advancement is encircled by a great deal of cynicism. Obviously, the Holocaust is by a long shot the cruelest destruction ever, and the reason for the numerous Jewish outsiders to America. Adjustments of their convictions and culture have framed the various divisions in Judaism Reform, Conservative and Orthodox. There are numerous social qualities that can be ascribed to Jews, yet their food, their days off (Chanukah, Yom Kippur, Purim), and their transitioning parties (Bar Mitzvah, Bat Mitzvah) are a portion of the more notables. We will compose a custom exposition test on Culture as a Mirror of Religious Beliefs or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Their food is legitimate, and that has brought an altogether independent kind of butcher, markets, and so on. A few ballparks even serve genuine franks! Gathering places, much like houses of worship, are likewise compositional articulations in their locale. Jewish occasions are not as perceived and commended broadly as Christian ones, yet there are currently changes being made in school educational plan to consider recognition of their numerous celebrations.

Where Students Can Find CV Writer Jobs to Earn Some Extra Cash

Where Students Can Find CV Writer Jobs to Earn Some Extra Cash Where Students Can Find CV Writer Jobs to Earn Some Extra Cash For undergrads who are hoping to gain some additional money while as yet holding the opportunity to set their own timetables dependent on their instructive needs and other set commitments, hardly any choices are more appealing than turning into an expert CV essayist. That’s on the grounds that CV author occupations offer incredible compensation, adaptable hours and the capacity to create aptitudes that will support you, both by and by and expertly, all through your whole life. In the event that you’re prepared to begin finding and being chosen for CV author occupations, here are a couple of the best online assets to kick you off procuring cash with CV composing. General Freelance Platforms: These stages aren’t explicitly constrained to composing †they additionally offer open doors for consultants in a various scope of various ventures and specialties. Be that as it may, on account of their huge size and boundless ubiquity, they’re incredible spots for understudies to start the quest for CV author employments. Upwork: while the name might be new, Upwork has been one of the internet’s driving independent stages for over 10 years. Framed from the merger of well known locales, Elance and oDesk, Upwork is one of the most various assets for consultants in businesses going from CV keeping in touch with legitimate administrations. Specialist: as one of the greatest agreement work stages on the planet, Freelancer gloats about a noteworthy rundown of almost 20 million individuals who are either offering or searching for independent administrations. As a hopeful CV essayist, this is one site that you totally shouldn’t skip. PeoplePerHour: with its emphasis on advanced ventures and improvement, PeoplePerHour is more tech-disapproved than the other two general independent stages on our rundown †yet that doesn’t mean it’s any to a lesser extent an asset for discovering top notch CV composing employments. Specific CV Writing Services: Notwithstanding expansive stages like Upwork and Freelancer, there are additionally various particular CV composing administrations that understudies will need to consider †particularly once they have some understanding added to their repertoire from other, increasingly broad outsourcing stages. CV-Shop: one of the most famous and profoundly respected CV composing administrations on the web, CV-Shop is a one-stop goal that helps customers with CV composing, altering, and evaluate. Champion CV: another significant online CV administration organization, StandOut CV remains by their work offering customers a total fulfillment ensure. In the event that you’re searching for well-payed, proficient CV composing employments, StandOut CV is probably the best organization out there. Vocation Master CV Solutions: while Career Master CV Solutions offers a full set-up of CV composing administrations for expert and official level employment searchers, one of their most notable administrations includes helping military veterans make viable CVs in the wake of leaving the administration. You don’t must be a specialist with long stretches of understanding to be an effective CV author, however for those new to the field, beginning and looking for some kind of employment isn’t in every case simple. That’s why we set up this rundown: if you’re new to the business and feel a little overpowered with attempting to secure CV composing positions, these six assets will furnish you with the strong establishment you have to begin with to win additional money today.

Beyond the Iron CurI mean, Mass Ave

Beyond the Iron Cur…I mean, Mass Ave Laura 09 had an interesting bit a while back in her blog about East Campus and West Campus, a distinction that, at least to me, always brings the Cold War to mind in entertaining ways. Heres the difference: West Campus dorms can be considered more traditional in terms of college atmosphere. There are lots of parties, dances, and social events. East Campus dorms (keep in mind there is also a residence hall called East Campus, which is a specific dorm which falls under the umbrella category of East Campus dorms) are more diverse and unconventional. Residents in this part of campus tend to fit more easily into the stereotypical MIT student mold. Basically, West Campus mocks East Campus for being weird and East Campus mocks West Campus for being normal. Good fun all around, and I really hope I expressed this clearly and wont be getting any angry emails from students about the way I portrayed them. I decided to take this opportunity to elaborate a little on what she said, because its an interesting topic. Being in student government, I know a lot of people from a lot of different dorms, and Ive discussed campus issues with a lot of people in a lot of dorms, and Ive discussed West and East with both West Campus and East Campus denizens. So Ive thought about this a lot. West Campus is, in fact, more traditional in terms of college atmosphere. I doubt you would find a lot of people whod argue with that, no matter where they live (there are, however, notable exceptions, such as the Burton 3rd Bombers or the Cultural Houses in New House). The walls are more likely to be Institute white, or brick, or of some other neutral-looking appearance, and theres generally not as much freedom to make modifications to the buildings, like painting murals or drilling holes in the lounge ceiling. The dorms of West Campus run the gamut from quiet and introverted, to loud, sociable, and partying, but forms of socialization tend to be of a relatively traditional nature, such as semiformals. Some of these dorms have dining halls where many students eat dinner, and mandatory meal plans for residents of those dorms. In my experience, West Campus students are far more likely to be Course 15 (Management) than East Campus students. East Campus (often defined to include the East Campus, Random Hall, Senior Haus, and Bexley Hall dorms) is the weird side of campus. Saying that students who live in these dorms more closely resemble the stereotypical MIT student may or may not be true, depending on whose version of the stereotype youre looking at. One version of the stereotype is that MIT kids are clean-cut teachers pets who wear glasses, care only about math and science, never get in trouble, and do nothing but study all day, a profile which does not remotely resemble the typical East Campus resident. Many East Campus residents like role-playing games, blowing things up, building things, fighting with duct-tape-and-PVC boffer swords, and otherwise being really geeky in ways that go beyond the classroom. Many are heavily into fantasy or sci-fi. East Campus residents built the Disco Dance Floor and hosted the now-(in)famous Time Traveler Convention (for which I worked as a security guard and media handler). The hacki ng culture is very East Campus-centric, though there are West Campus hackers as well. The buildings are both more dilapidated and more colorful, and the students spend more time complaining about administrative policies that they think are intended to make MIT more like Harvard. One misperception that I hear about West Campus is that they dont do anything strange or geeky. I mean, yeah, theyre more traditional, but come on, this is MIT. The people might not fit whatever version of the stereotype you held, but theyre hardly normal. Baker drops a piano off the roof in the spring to celebrate Drop Date. Burton 3rdis Burton 3rd, in all its glory. Not much normal there. The people who are attracted to Simmons are weird enough to find something appealing about living in a building that looks, in the words of my little sister, like its going to walk across the field and eat us. By the standards of East Campus, yes, West Campus is normal and traditional. By the standards of the rest of the worldyeah right. One strange misperception Ive heard from West Campus residents about East Campus is that they dont realize East Campus has parties. East Campus does have parties (um, Steer Roast?), but they tend to be a little strange, much like the people throwing them. :) For example, every fall, not long after term starts, my hall, 5th East, holds Reawakening. See, our hall has its own dark god, Krotus, who feeds on our suffering. And when the school year starts, obviously that means theres a lot more suffering for him to feed on, so we wake him up with a huge party that includes a virgin sacrifice conducted by hallmembers. Not exactly your typical college party. *grin* There are other cultural differences. West Campus has, as far as I can tell, more underrepresented minorities in residence. I have no idea why. East Campus has more LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) residents, or at least more who are out of closet. West Campus tends to be more politically correct. East Campus, in general, has more alumni involvement. West Campus probably has a greater fraction of people who play IM sports. East Campus seems to have a greater fraction of non-Windows users. And so on, and so on. What really matters, though, is not the side of campus that your living group happens to be on. Its that you can choose which one youre in, that you bond with the people and culture in whichever one that is (be it Baker, or Random), and that MIT has an environment and a housing system where so many different subcultures can form, thrive, and sustain themselves for decades, with each group continuing to find enthusiastic new freshmen who will contribue to their community. Of course, its not just East and West. I havent even mentioned the FSILGs, which provide community and support for many hundreds of MIT students. They, however, are outside the scope of this entry. For more info on the dorms West Campus: Baker, Burton-Conner, MacGregor, McCormick, New House, Next House, Simmons East Campus: Bexley, East Campus, Random Hall, Senior Haus

Indian Space Research Organisation - Free Essay Example

Indian Space Research Organisation’s(ISRO) Chandrayaan – Founder of water on Moon Chandrayaan-1 was a scientific investigation – by spacecraft – of the Moon. The name Chandrayaan means â€Å"Chandra-Moon, Yaan-vehicle†, –in Indian languages (Sanskrit and Hindi) , – the lunar spacecraft. Chandrayaan-1 is the first Indian planetary science and exploration mission. It is Indias first unmanned lunar probe. It was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation in October 2008, and operated until August 2009. The vehicle was successfully inserted into lunar orbit on 8 November 2008. [ On 14 November 2008, the Moon Impact Probe separated from the Chandrayaan orbiter at 20:06 and struck the south pole in a controlled manner, making India the fourth country to place its flag on the Moon. [10] The probe impacted near Shackleton Crater at 20:31 ejecting underground soil that could be analysed for the presence of lunar water ice. The estima ted cost for the project was Rs 386 crore (US$ 80 million). Former President A P J Abdul Kalam, whose idea it was to include the impactor as part of Chandrayaan’s cargo, described the achievement as â€Å"a gift to Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru† because the event happened on the 119th birth anniversary of India’s first prime minister. As the mini satellite began its nosedive at 8. 06 pm, its altimeter began recording measurements to prepare the ground for a rover to land on the lunar surface during a second mission planned for 2012. Over a two-year period, it was intended to survey the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and three-dimensional topography. The polar regions are of special interest as they might contain ice. The lunar mission carries five ISRO payloads and six payloads from other space agencies including NASA, ESA, and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency, which were carried free of cost. After suffering from several t echnical issues including failure of the star sensors and poor thermal shielding, Chandrayaan stopped sending radio signals at 1:30 AM IST on 29 August 2009 shortly after which, the ISRO officially declared the mission over. Chandrayaan operated for 312 days as opposed to the intended two years but the mission achieved 95 percent of its planned objectives. Among its many achievements was the discovery of the widespread presence of water molecules in lunar soil. The basic components of the chandrayaan-1 spacecraft are: I. The scientific payloads: the instruments that will gather science data. II. The solar array that provides power to the spacecraft. Chandrayaan also carries a battery that stores the power generated by the solar array and feeds it to other systems. III. The thrusters perform fuel burns to change the spacecraft’s trajectory and attitude. IV. The various functional requirements of the spacecraft such as Attitude and Orbit Control, Command processing, House keeping telemetry, Sensor data processing, Thermal management, payload data handling operation, dual gimbaled data transmission antenna pointing , onboard mission management etc would be taken care by the Bus Management Unit (BMU). V. The spacecraft also carries two star sensors and inertial reference unit based on miniaturised gyros providing absolute attitude. The Chandrayaan-1 mission was aimed at high-resolution remote sensing of the Lunar surface in visible, near Infrared, low energy X-rays and high-energy X-ray regions. Specific scientific goals are: i. To prepare a three-dimensional atlas (with a high spatial and altitude resolution of 5-10 m) of both near and far side of the moon. ii. To conduct chemical and mineralogical mapping of the entire lunar surface for distribution of mineral and chemical elements such as Magnesium, Aluminum, Silicon, Calcium, Iron and Titanium as well as high atomic number elements such as Radon, Uranium Thorium with high spatial resolution. i i. By simultaneous photo geological and chemical mapping, we will be able to identify different geological units, which will test the hypothesis for the origin and early evolutionary history of the moon and help in determining the nature of the lunar crust. iii. One of the Areas of Study was Chemical stratigraphy of lunar crust by remote sensing of the central uplands of large lunar craters, and of the South Pole Aitken Region (SPAR), where interior material may be expected (Stratigraphy, a branch of geology, studies rock layers and layering). Chandrayaan-1 was sent to the Moon in a series of orbit-increasing manoeuvres around Earth instead of a direct trajectory to the Moon. At launch the spacecraft was inserted into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) with an apogee of 22,860 km and a perigee of 255 km. The apogee was increased with a series of five orbit burns conducted over a period of 13 days after launch. The point of closest approach (the point at which two bodies are the c losest) is called the Perigree. The point of farthest excursion is called the Apogee. The Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3), an imaging spectrometer, was one of the 11 instruments on board Chandrayaan-I that came to a premature end on 29 August. M3 was aimed at providing the first mineral map of the entire lunar surface. Lunar scientists have for decades contended with the possibility of water repositories. They are now increasingly â€Å"confident that the decades-long debate is over,† a report says. â€Å"The moon, in fact, has water in all sorts of places; not just locked up in minerals, but scattered throughout the broken-up surface, and, potentially, in blocks or sheets of ice at depth. The results from the NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter are also â€Å"offering a wide array of watery signals. † Chandrayaan-1 has detected water on the moon. The findings overturn long-held beliefs that the surface of the moon was dry, potentially paving the way for scienti sts to one day set up a permanent research base on the moon. M3 detected absorption features near 2. 8-3. 0  µm on the surface of the Moon. For silicate bodies, such features are typically attributed to hydroxyl- and/or water-bearing materials. On the Moon, the feature is seen as a widely distributed absorption that appears strongest at cooler high latitudes and at several fresh feldspathic craters. The general lack of correlation of this feature in sunlit M3 data with neutron spectrometer H abundance data suggests that the formation and retention of OH and H2O is an ongoing surficial process. OH/H2O production processes may feed polar cold traps and make the lunar regolith a candidate source of volatiles for human exploration. The data from Chandrayaan-1 has revealed how the moon â€Å"produces its own water. Much like a big sponge, it absorbs charged particles emitted by the sun, which then interact with oxygen on the lunar surface to produce water. A scientific instrument o n Chandrayaan-1 — the Sub keV Atom Reflecting Analyser or SARA — made this discovery that was published in the latest edition of the Planetary and Space Science journal. A video camera captured the probe’s descent and a spectrometer measured traces of lunar gas and dust. The Chandrayaan orbiter is analysing the dust kicked up by the probe when it crashed on the moon’s surface. Video footage of the probe’s descent and data from the probe’s instruments have been relayed to the spacecraft and ground stations for analysis. The spacecraft, which takes about two hours to go around the moon, was behind the celestial body when the impact occurred. Recogntition and Award for Indian Space Research Organisation’s Chandrayaan Mission The AIAA American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics has selected ISROs Chandrayaan-1 mission as one of the recipients of its annual, AIAA SPACE 2009, awards, which recognize key contributions to space scie nce and technology. The International Lunar Exploration Working Group (ILEWG) chose the Chandrayaan-1 team for giving the International Cooperation award, M, Annadurai, project director, Chandrayaan-1. The Chandrayaan team of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was chosen for the award for accommodation and tests of the most international lunar payload ever (from 20 countries consisting of India, the European Space Agency representing 17 European countries, NASA and Bulgaria) and the successful launch of the probe on PSLV rocket on 22 October and the lunar insertion of the spacecraft carried out subsequently. ISRO is also planning a second version of Chandrayaan named Chandrayaan II. According to former ISRO Chairman G. Madhavan Nair, The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) hopes to land two motorised rovers- one Russian and another Indian on the Moon in 2013, as a part of its second Chandrayaan mission. The rover will be designed to move on wheels on the luna r surface, pick up samples of soil or rocks, do on-site chemical analysis and send the data to the mother-spacecraft Chandrayaan II, which will be orbiting above. How was the Moon formed? There are various theories on the evolution of Earth and Moon system. Currently four main hypotheses have been considered to explain the origin of the Moon: 1. Simultaneous Formation: Earth and the Moon were formed from the solar nebula near each other. This theory is able to explain why the Earth and the Moon rocks are isotopically so similar, but cannot explain why the Moon is depleted in Iron (Fe). 2. Capture: Moon formed somewhere else in the Solar System where the iron content was lower. After it formed, it drifted close to the Earth and was captured by the Earth’s gravitational field. This theory cannot explain why the Earth and the Moon rocks are isotopically similar but explains the high angular momentum of the Earth-Moon system. 3. Fission: According to this hypothesis, the Mo on broke off from the hot molten Earth while the Earth was spinning very rapidly. This hypothesis can explain why the Earth and the Moon rocks are similar, chemically and isotopically, and the low iron content of the Moon, but is not able to explain the high angular momentum of the Earth-Moon system. 4. Giant-Impact: This hypothesis suggests that a body about 1-3 times the size of Mars impacted on the Earth during the last stages of the Earth’s formation, after the Earth’s iron core has already formed. When the impact occurred, it ejected a large part of the Earth into space and the ejecta then began orbiting the Earth. The material blasted off the Earth coalesced into the Moon. This hypothesis is able to explain (a) the missing Moon iron as most of the material blasted into space would have been depleted in iron, (b) Moon rocks and Earth rocks are isotopically similar and (c) why the Moon’s orbit as well as the Earth’s orbit are tilted. The giant i mpact hypothesis however have some difficulties since numerical models predict that a large fraction of the Moon would come from the impactor, leading to the same dilemma as the Capture theory. Is there water-ice present on the Moon? The comets and meteorites continuously bombard the surface of the Moon. Many of these objects contain water and as a result of their impact may leave water molecules on the lunar surface. Solar wind hydrogen bombarding the lunar surface continuously may also lead to production of water molecule through interaction with oxygen present in the lunar soils. Due to solar heating much of this water evaporate and lost into space very fast. However, the current hypothesis is that some of the water molecules may reach areas that are permanently shadowed from sunlight and gets trapped and significant traces of water/water ice may be present in such regions of the Moon. Due to the very slight tilt (~ 1. 5 °) of the Moons axis, some of the deep craters particu larly near the polar regions never receive any light from the Sun they are permanently shadowed and can act as permanent trap of water molecules and in such craters scientists expect to find water in frozen form, if it is there at all. The Radar reflectivity experiments performed by Clementine hinted at the possibility of existence of large amounts of water frozen on these permanently shadowed regions of the moon. Lunar Prospectors neutron spectrometer detected bursts of slow neutrons over the moons poles, suggesting presence of hydrogen atoms and hence possible presence of water/ice. However, these experiments could not decisively confirm the presence of water/ice on moon, which still remains a mystery. If there is water ice present on the Moon then we would not have to transport water from Earth to the Moon, which would be extremely expensive. But instead will be able to rely on lunar ice. This is important for a cost-effective lunar habitation. What is the temperature on t he moon? The moon undergoes extremes in temperature the side of the Moon receiving sunlight becomes scorching hot at about 130 ? C, and freezing cold at -180 ? C on the night side. Is there any Life on moon? So far none of the lunar missions have detected any signature of presence of life on the Moon.

The Seriousness of in Shakespeares Comedy of Errors...

The Seriousness of The Comedy of Errors The Comedy of Errors has often been dismissed as a mere farce, unworthy of any serious attention. Yet, when the author is Shakespeare, even a farce is well worth a second look. Shakespeare himself may have takent his comedic work quite seriously, for audiences expected comedy of his day not only to entertain, but also to morally instruct. It is not surprising, therefore, that for one of his earliest comedies, Shakespeare found a model in the plays of Plautus and Terence, which were studied in all Elizabethan Grammar Schools, praised by schoolmasters, and critically respectable. (Muir 3) The Menaechmi was the first Plautus play to appear in translation, and was a popular†¦show more content†¦The scholarly use of the classic comedies came not without controversy. These texts became well marked sites of ideological struggle (4). Not every educator was convinced that the works of these playwrights, who display so zestfully lust, avarice, and deceit (4) were suitable for impressionable young students. Yet others, pointing out such edifying cases as Messenio warning his master about the peril of fallen women in The Menaechmi (Riehle 34), emphasized the moral utility of the texts (Muir 4-5). One Sir Thomas Elyot argued eloquently that the comedies were a picture or as it were a mirrour of mans life, wherein iuell is nat taught but discouered; to the intent that men beholdynge the promptnes of youth into vice, the snares of harlotts and baudes laide for yonge myndes, the disceipts of seruantes, the chaunces of fortune contrary to mennes expectation, they being thereof warned may prepare them selfe to resist or preuente occasion. Semblably remembring the wisedomes, aduertisements, consailes, dissuasion from vice, and other profitable sentences, most eloquently and familiarely shewed in those comedies, undoubtedly there shall be no little frute out of them gathered. The works of Plautus and Terence were considered just as useful as dramatic models as they were academic primers. Renaissance critics felt that comedy, as well as tragedy, should mingle moral instruction with delight (Muir 3). As the inheritors of aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Menaechmus And Comedy Of Errors955 Words   |  4 PagesBrothers Menaechmus and Comedy of Errors Titus Maccius Pluatus moved to Rome from Umbria as a young boy. In the early 200s B.C.E, he began adapting Greek comedies into plays meant for a Roman audience. Plautus’ The Brothers of Menaechmus, became a source for Shakespeare’s’ play, Comedy of Errors. Shakespeare expands the story line of The Brothers of Menaechmus for his Comedy of Errors. Plautus’ play, The Brothers Menaechmus, heavily influenced Shakespeare’s play Comedy of Errors. First, The BrothersRead MoreAct III, Scene I: the Pivotal Scene in Romeo and Juliet Essay1011 Words   |  5 Pagestragic hero. This new role dooms both him and Juliet. Thus, the shifting genres in this scene set the course for the rest of the play. To understand the shift in genres, there must be recognition of Mercutio as a comic character. Mercutio is Shakespeares prominent comical character in Romeo and Juliet. He is not bound by the events around him, as he often rambles on a topic that is completely irrelevant to the situation in which he finds himself. Mercutio is a free character who is independentRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet Essay1591 Words   |  7 PagesThere is no questioning that William Shakespeare’s plays are influential. They were written centuries ago, yet are still enjoyed by people to this day, and hold a place in modern high school and university curricula. 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Like its classical predecessors, The Comedy of Errors mixes farce and satire andRead MoreThe Shift Of Perspective Of Wives Views : The Comedy Of Errors1659 Words   |  7 PagesPerspective of Wives Views: The Comedy of Errors The Comedy of Errors is a significant work of Shakespeare, because it was his gateway to works with more significance, depth, and characters with definite characteristics. In The Comedy of Errors, the character of Adriana is presented. Adriana is best known for being wife of E. Antipholous, but Adriana is also Luciana’s sister. Adriana is so significant in this play, because although this play was a comedy, Adriana’s role in this play isRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummers Night s Dream2289 Words   |  10 Pagestypes of blindness by love; the first being physical due to a love potion a fairy king, Oberon orders upon the humans in Shakespeare’s, A Midsummers Night’s Dream. The second, being metaphorical due to Antony’s immense amount of love towards Cleopatra, in which hinders his political motivation in Shakespeare’s, Antony and Cleopatra. The concept of how love blinds in Shakespeare’s, A Midsummers Night’s Dream is significant in viewing the fact how the ‘eyes of love’ are not always rational. When eyesRead MoreCompare Act 2:1 of Sheridans ‘the Rivals’ (Lines 139-270) with Act 4:2 of Shakespeares ‘Twelfth Night.’ How Do the Playwrights Present the Themes of Mockery and Deceit in These Scenes?2514 Words   |  11 PagesThe themes of mockery and deceit are central to both Sheridans The Rivals and Shakespeares Twelfth Night. The act of mockery is defined using insulting or contemptuous action or speech, having a subject of laughter and derision, or performing an insincere imitation. There are many similarities in the way that both playwrights present the themes of mockery and deceit. These can be seen clearly in their presentation of language and characters. The techniques of mockery are presented in a similarRead Morewisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 Pa geselse but sudden glory arising from some sudden conception of some eminency in ourselves, by comparison with the infirmity of others, or with our own formerly.† Conversely, Solomon thinks that in viewing folly (for example, that of the Three Stooges comedies) we can see our own tendency to unwise behavior and that it can help us become more modest and compassionate—both important steps to becoming wiser. The encyclopedia essay also indicates that some thinkers view humor as a form of play and that humorRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesusually minor actors in the novels and stories in which they appear, but not always so. Flat characters have much in common with the kind of stock characters who appear again and again in certain types of literary works: e.g., the rich uncle of domestic comedy, the hard-boiled private eye of the detective story, the female confidante of the romance, and the mustachioed villain of old-fashioned drama. Round characters are just the opposite. They embody a number of qualities and traits, and are complex multidimensional

The Defense Mechanisms Of An Unconscious Level And Help...

Freud also believed that the ego exercises a range of defense mechanisms in order to deal with conflict and problems in life. Defense mechanisms operate at an unconscious level and help relief unpleasant feelings. There are many ego defense mechanisms, but a few examples of these include: regression, denial, projection, displacement, repression, and sublimation. Regression is when a person is so overwhelmed with their current issue that to protect themselves, they retreat to actions from an earlier stage of development. Denial, as the name suggests, involves completely blocking out external events from awareness. If a situation is too much to handle, the person denies that it’s occurring. Projection is the transfer of your own thoughts, motivations, desires, or emotions to another. Displacement is the transfer of energy created by one object to another. Repression is occurs when a person buries traumatic material into the unconscious. Sublimation is to satisfy an impulse with a substitute object in a socially acceptable way. Although these defense mechanisms may seem unethical, they should also sound somewhat familiar because we all partake in these. In fact, ego defenses are not necessarily unhealthy, the lack of these defenses, or the inability to use them effectively can often lead to problems in life. However, employing the defenses at the wrong time or overusing them, can be equally destructive. Freud considered dreams to be the, â€Å"royal road to the unconscious,† as itShow MoreRelated Depression in Children and Adolescents Essay3662 Words   |  15 Pagesproblems sleeping or concentrating, and feelings of worthlessness. These symptoms of depression fall into four categories: mood, cognitive, behavioral, and physical. Depression affects how individuals feel, think, behave, and how their bodies work. 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Becas para estudiar en la universidad en Estados Unidos

Los estudiantes domà ©sticos (ciudadanos, residentes, indocumentados) y tambià ©n los internacionales que desean estudiar en una  Ã‚  universidades o colleges en Estados Unidos se enfrentan a grandes costos de matrà ­cula, alojamiento, libros, seguro, etc. A la hora de buscar fondos econà ³micos que paguen o ayuden a pagar por los estudios,  tener presente que la gran fuente de ayuda financiera son las propias  universidades, que ofrecen sus propios paquetes de ayuda: becas, crà ©ditos, trabajo o una combinacià ³n de esas posibilidades. De hecho, algunas de las mejores universidades de Estados Unidos -incluso Ivy League- siguen un sistema de admisià ³n need-blind que garantiza importantes becas a todos los alumnos admitidos, incluidos los internacionales con expedientes acadà ©micos sobresalientes, que es necesario convalidar o sellar con la Apostilla de la Haya, segà ºn las reglas de cada institucià ³n.. Otras universidades ofrecen paquetes financieros mà ¡s limitados, pero importantes y tambià ©n se puede buscar becas en organizaciones externas, como las siguientes. Listado de 25 organizaciones que becan a estudiantes -incluidos internacionales- en Estados Unidos AACE International Competitive Scholarship Program Para quià ©nes: estudiantes a nivel universitario, incluidos los internacionales, que centren sus estudios en Negocios, Tecnologà ­a de la Informacià ³n, Ciencias de la Computacià ³n, Ingenierà ­a y Gerencia o Construccià ³n de Edificios. AAUW International Fellowships Para quià ©nes: estudiantes internacionales que son mujeres y que estudian a nivel de maestrà ­a, doctorado u otro postgrado. El importe de las becas va desde los $18,000 a los $30,000. Annie ´s Sustainable Agriculture Foundation Para quià ©nes: estudiantes de cualquier paà ­s que realizan estudios relacionados con la agricultura sostenible en Estados Unidos. Los importes de las becas oscilan entre los $2,500 y los $10,000. AORN Foundation Para quià ©nes: estudiantes de cualquier nacionalidad que realizan estudios de enfermerà ­a de quirà ³fano o pre-operacià ³n. ASHFoundation Graduate Scholarship for International Students Para quià ©nes: estudiantes internacionales y residentes permanentes legales en Estados Unidos a nivel de maestrà ­a o doctorado que cursan estudios en Ciencias de la Comunicacià ³n y Desà ³rdenes, como es Lenguaje de Signos, Enseà ±anza a alumnos con desà ³rdenes de lenguaje. Se concede una beca anualmente por importe de $5,000. Broome Allen Scholarship Para quià ©nes: estudiantes de cualquier nacionalidad pero que està ©n estudiando en EEUU. Es un requisito para poder aplicar ser de origen sefardà ­. Està ¡ abierto a estudiantes en à ºltimo aà ±o de liceo, en college, haciendo cursos de maestrà ­a o doctorado. Charles and Lucille King Family Foundation Scholarship Para quià ©nes: Estudiantes de cualquier nacionalidad que realicen estudios de televisià ³n o produccià ³n de cine en una universidad de los Estados Unidos. Chefs4Students Para quià ©nes: estudiantes universitarios de cualqueir paà ­s que realizan en EEUU estudios de cocina, horneado, pastelerà ­a, dietà ©tica, nuticià ³n y similares. El importe de las becas es de $1,000 y se conceden cuatro anualmente. Concursos Ayn Rand Para quià ©nes: estudiantes estadounidenses y extranjeros. Para participar debe escribirse un ensayo basado en una obra de esta autora. Las becas varà ­an en su compensacià ³n. Create-A-Greeting-Card Scholarship Para quià ©nes: estudiantes de cualquier nacionalidad que estudian en una institucià ³n educativa en los Estados Unidos. Para participar para poder ganar la beca hay que crear una tarjeta con una foto o un diseà ±o grà ¡fico generado por computadora. Para presentarse el candidato ha de tener entre 14 y 35 aà ±os de edad y el premio al que se opta es una beca de $10,000. Fullbright Scholarship for International Students Para quià ©nes: estudiantes internacionales (los estadounidenses tienen su propia versià ³n). Cada aà ±o unos 4,000 estudiantes acceden a estas becas gestionadas por el Departamento de Estado. Son la crema de la crema. El proceso de seleccià ³n es riguroso y muy largo, por lo que es muy conveniente estar atento a los plazos. Earl Warren Scholarship Para quià ©nes: estudiantes de cualquier paà ­s que vayan a estudiar Derecho en los Estados Unidos. La beca es de $3,000 y premia a los candidatos que tengan un historial extraordinario de participacià ³n en asuntos de derechos civiles o interà ©s pà ºblico. Esta beca està ¡ gestionada por NÇAACP. Elie Wiesel Price in Ethics Essay Contest Para quià ©nes: estudiantes de cualquier nacionalidad enrolados en una universidad en Estados Unidos. El importe de estas becas està ¡ entre los $500 y los $5,000. Google Anita Borg Memorial Scholarship Para quià ©nes: mujeres de cualquier nacionalidad en su à ºltimo aà ±o de licenciattura o que van a iniciar cursos de maestrà ­a o doctorado en los Estados Unidos en las à ¡reas de Ingenierà ­a, Ciencias de la Computacià ³n o semejantes. Se exige una nota media en los estudios realizados de GPA 3.5. El importe de la beca es de $10,000. Google Lime Scholarship Program Para quià ©nes: estudiantes de cualquier nacionalidad con una discapacidad, que en la actualidad està ©n estudiando en una universidad de EEUU o Canadà ¡ y cuyos estudios se centran en Ciencias de la Computacià ³n, Ingenierà ­a de la Computacià ³n o similares. Se conceden anualmente 15 becas cuyos importes oscilan entre los $5,000 y los $10,000. Google Science Fair Para quià ©nes: estudiantes de cualquier paà ­s que presenten un proyecto en un à ¡rea predeterminada de Ciencias, bien individualmente o bien como miembros de un equipo. Las becas oscilan entre los $25,000 y los $50,000. Global Scholarship Alliance Para quià ©nes: estudiantes internacionales a nivel universitario, de maestrà ­a o doctorado en à ¡reas relacionadas con la enfermerà ­a. Tambià ©n brinda la oportunidad de realizar prà ¡cticas de entenamiento en las propias universidades o en instituciones mà ©dicas. HENAAC Scholars Program Para quià ©nes: estudiantes de cualquier nacionalidad pero hispanos que està ¡n estudiando para licenciarse o a nivel de maestrà ­a en Ciencias, Ingenierà ­a, Matemà ¡ticas o Tecnologà ­a (STEM, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Se requiere calificaciones de un GPA de al menos 3.0 para aplicar. LMSA Scholarship for US Medical Students Para quià ©nes: a pesar de su nombre, esta beca està ¡ abierta a todos los estudiantes de medicina en EEUU que sirvan a la comunidad latina u otra en situacià ³n de desventaja. Microsoft Scholarship Program Para quià ©nes: estudiantes de cualquier nacionalidad en Estados Unidos (en algunas modalidades se admite tambià ©n Canadà ¡ y Mà ©xico) que realicen estudios de Ciencias de la Comunicacià ³n, Ingenierà ­a Computacional y campos semejantes. Hay que destacar que ademà ¡s del programa general de becas, Microsoft tambià ©n ofrece ayudas centradas en grupos de poblacià ³n especà ­fico para las que tambià ©n pueden aplicar los estudiantes universitarios, como son las becas para mujeres, para minorà ­as o para personas con una incapacidad. El importe de los premios varà ­a. PEO International Peace Scholarship Para quià ©nes: Mujeres estudiantes internacionales de maestrà ­a o doctorado. Se conceden hasta 200 becas de $10,000 cada una. Para recibir este premio es necesario comprometerse a regresar al paà ­s de origen tras finalizar los estudios. Point Foundation Scholarship Program Para quià ©nes: ciudadanos americanos y estudiantes internacionales enrolados en una universidad estadounidense. Los candidatos deben participar de algà ºn modo en actividades de la comunidad lesbiana, gay, bisexual o transexual (LGBT, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). El importe del premio es de $10,000. Ritchie-Jennings Memorial Scholarship Para quià ©nes: estudiantes universitarios, de maestrà ­a o doctorado cualquiera que sea su nacionalidad y sin importar la ubicacià ³n de su universidad que realicen estudios de Contabilidad, Administracià ³n de Negocios, Finanzas o Justicia Criminal. Se conceden 30 becas anualmente por importes que van desde los $1,000 a los 10,000. Society of Exploration Geophysicist Foundation Para quià ©nes: estudiantes de à ºltimo aà ±o de liceo, universitarios, de maestrà ­a o doctorado cuya finalidad es una carrera en Geofà ­sica o en un campo estrechamente relacionado. Pueden aplicar ciudadanos de cualquier paà ­s y no es necesario cursar los estudios en EEUU. El monto de las becas varà ­a grandemente pero la media es de $2,500. Women in Aerospace Foundation Para quià ©nes: mujeres de cualquier paà ­s que realizan sus estudios aeroespaciales en Estados Unidos. Se conceden anualmente dos becas por importe de $2,000 cada una. Testimonial Lee esta entrevista a Miguel Pà ©rez, quien llegà ³ a Estados Unidos como estudiante universitario con una beca y en la actualidad es residente permanente. De interà ©s Ya que se gasta mucho dinero, elegir una universidad cuyo tà ­tulo amerite el esfuerzo econà ³mico, estas son las  10 mejores universidades para estudiar ingenierà ­a. A tener en cuenta Los muchachos no conoceros de las leyes de los Estados Unidos deben de saber cuà ¡l es la edad del consentimiento sexual en cada estado. Tener relaciones sexuales consentidas con un menor de edad puede tener consecuencias legales serias.

Alcohol Abuse Essay - 982 Words

In todays modern society alcohol addiction and alcohol abuse has become one of the most complex, life-threatening issues. Most depressed individuals usually indulge themselves in bars or pubs with their alcohols to escape from their stressful life. It has become increasingly alarming how alcohol does not only attract the adults, but also teenagers these days. Research has shown that approximately 14 million Americans (7.4%) of the population meet the diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse or alcoholism (Facts about Alcohol). Alcohol addicts may encounter social impact such as loss of respect from others who may see the problem as self- inflictive and easily avoided. Repeated use of alcohol over a period of time can result in†¦show more content†¦(Long-term effects of alcohol) Change of behavior caused by alcohols has negative impacts on ones surrounding and will, eventually, creates a rift among loved ones. Alcoholic can do anything without thinking for the future as long as they get the money to buy alcohol, ones may use the rental money for the house to buy alcohol and the worst case could happen is he loses his jobs. With this, drinker cannot be dependent on and divorce is inevitable as he could no longer support his family. Not few child abuse cases caused by alcoholic parents. Studies have shown that 2/3 of child abuse case involves alcohol (Facts about alcohol). Family members also began to avoid friends, hide problems and cover up for the drinker as they are ashamed of their family member who is alcoholic. More than one-half of American adults have a close family member who has or has had alcoholism (Dawson and Grant) Moreover, there is higher chances for their teenager child to be alcoholic too as they are used to seeing their parents drunk. As we all know that the media has a very large impact on theShow MoreRelatedAlcohol abuse1512 Words   |  7 Pages Alcohol abuse in the society. A review of the literature Abstract Alcohol abuse is also a serious medical and social problem, but is not the same as alcoholism. Alcohol abuse is theRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol On Alcohol Abuse942 Words   |  4 PagesEveryday around the world people fail to realize the effects alcohol abuse can have on themselves as well as their loved ones. Alcohol can be highly addictive, and plague an individual s life. Individuals who suffer from alcohol abuse go through various withdrawal symptoms when attempting to cease from drinking alcohol. There are various methods alcohol abusers to quit using alcohol. For adults who abuse alcohol, achieving abstinence can be an arduous process that can be overcome with the perseveranceRead MoreDrinking Alcohol And Alcohol Abuse952 Words   |  4 Pagesmore. Alcohol can be highly addictive and plaguing the lives of alcohol abusers. When alcoholics do attempt to quit drinking alcohol, they go through various withdrawal symptoms that complicates the road to sobriety. Quitting alcohol is far from a simple process and will require initiative and perseverance. Although many attempt to quit alcohol by simply by going â€Å"cold turkey,† there are various steps people can follow to successfully quit drinking alcohol. For those struggling with alcohol abuseRead MoreAlcohol Abuse And Alcoholism Abuse1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe alcohol abuse definition is similar to alcoholism in that in both cases alcohol is causing harm to the drinker s life and those around them. The difference is that those who abuse alcohol, but are not yet alcoholics, typically can put some limitations on their drinking and they have not yet become physically addicted to alcohol. The key to the alcohol abuse definition is not in the amount of alcohol consumed but on how it affects an individual. Alcohol abuse is a psychiatric diagnosis in whichRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol On Alcohol Abuse941 Words   |  4 PagesEvery day around the world, people fail to realize the effects alcohol abuse can have on themselves as well as their loved ones. Alcohol is highly addictive, and can plague an individual s life. People who suffer from alcohol abuse go through various withdrawal symptoms when attempting to cease from drinking alcohol. There are various methods alcohol abusers to quit using alcohol. For adults who abuse alcohol, achieving abstinence can be an arduous process that can be overcome with the perseveranceRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol On Alcohol Abuse1965 Words   |  8 PagesAs of January 2015 alcohol related deaths were represented as accountable for approximately 6% of deaths worldwide. 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The Scriptures and the Church areRead MoreAlcoholism and Alcohol Abuse1492 Words   |  6 Pagesmortality rates due to alcohol-related accidents and health issues are close to 35,000† (â€Å"Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse). This fact explains how many problems come along with alcohol abuse, and tell about health issues and accidents that could be caused by alcohol. Alcohol can be very dangerous and threaten the lives of people even if they are not the one consuming alcohol. Wrecks often happen and kill innocent people as a result of people drinking and driving. There are many alcohol related deaths inRead MoreThe Abuse Of Alcohol On Purim Essay1695 Words   |  7 Pages1 Introduction 1.1 Hypothesis The abuse of alcohol on Purim in South Africa results in a complacent attitude towards drinking in Jewish teenagers. 1.2 Aim To determine if: the abuse of alcohol on Purim in South Africa results in a complacent attitude towards drinking in Jewish teenagers. 1.3 Significance of research I am a Jewish boy, going to a Jewish school. In my 17 years of life, I have been exposed to many of my Rabbis, friend’s parents and youth councilors getting drunk on religious occasionsRead MoreAlcoholism and Alcohol Abuse1082 Words   |  5 Pagesmillion people have an addiction to alcohol. This drug can be a mild to chronic addiction and sometimes can turn out fatal for some people (Chakraburtty). Almost 100,000 people have died from overusing this drug (Chakraburtty). Alcoholism and alcohol abuse is not only damaging emotionally, physically, and mentally to the person who is doing it, but to the people around them as well. Both alcoholism and alcohol abuse are each categorized as different cases. Alcohol abuse is different from alcoholism because

The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 Free Essays

Running head: PUEBLO REVOLT The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 Kelley Christy Grand Canyon University HIS 103 May 17, 2009 The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 The English and Spanish strategies at colonization in the late 1600’s were very different, resulting in very different outcomes. The English methods of displacement and extermination of the native populations led to wholesale destruction of the cultures targeted. On the other hand, the Spanish attempted to peacefully associate with the local populations. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 or any similar topic only for you Order Now This lead to the creation of a hybrid culture of Spanish and Indian peoples. The birth of this new culture demonstrated the success the Spaniards had in the waning days of the century (Otermin, 2007). The Spaniards used the idea of converting the native populations to Christianity and forcing their values to match their own (Otermin, 2007). Eighty years after the establishment of the first colony in the Rio Grande Valley by Juan de Onate in 1598, Spanish missionaries had built thirty missions as well as thirty religious stations. The Pueblo tribes and the Spanish colonists coexisted but not without conflict. Thousands of Pueblos were converted to Christianity. The converts adopted the rituals of the Christians, such as the Christian form of marriage and baptism. They also practiced the Christian burial rituals. However, these converts also observed their native religious rituals. This straddling of both religions angered the Franciscan missionaries. This anger drove the Franciscans to destroy religious objects and shrines of the natives, and punish Indian ceremonial leaders (Otermin, 2007). In addition, the Spanish forced the natives to provide slave labor to build churches, as well as work in mines and farms for the encomenderos. These encomenderos were Spanish colonists whose role was to protect the local natives from hostile Indian tribes. Late in the seventeenth century, diseases imported by the Spaniards such as smallpox and measles, began to decimate the Indian population. Natural disasters such as crop failures and major droughts added to the misery of the natives. Attacks by the hostile Navajo and Apache tribes aggravated the strained relationship between the Spanish colonists and the Pueblos (Otermin, 2007). In 1670, a missionary claimed he was bewitched by a Pueblo community. Several Indians were executed and several more were beaten for this offense. From this, the seeds of revolt were planted. Ten years later, Pope, one of the beaten natives rose to lead a massive revolt. Pope’s united forces sought to drive all traces of Spanish influence from their lands. The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 was successful in ridding the Pueblos of the Spaniards for a decade. Pope’s efforts united the Pueblos against an oppressive Spaniard regime and gained their people a few more years of independence. Reference Otermin, D. A. Mexican American Voices: Resistance and accommodation in New Mexico. (2007). Digital History. Retrieved May 14, 2009, from: www. digitalhistory. uh. edu/mexican_voices/voices_display. cfm? id=24 How to cite The Pueblo Revolt of 1680, Papers

Virgin atlantic csr report free essay sample

Vishal Balsara A057 Haresh Asrani A019 Abhijeet Kapadia A002 Vinayak Borwankar A055 TABLE OF CONTENT No. Topic Page 1 Introduction 3 2 Introduction – Some more facts 4 3 Introduction – Triple bottom-line 6 4 Triple bottom-line Virgin Atlantic – Social perspective 9 5 Triple bottom-line Virgin Atlantic – Environmental perspective 10 6 Triple bottom-line Virgin Atlantic – Economical perspective 12 7 Sir Richard Branson – Founder of Virgin Atlantic – Introduction and Initiatives 13 â€Å"Safety, security and consistent delivery of the basics are the foundations of everything we do. † Mission statement – To grow a profitable airline, where people love to fly and where people love to work. INTRODUCTION Virgin Atlantic, a trading name of Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited, is a British airline that is mostly owned by Sir Richard Bransons Virgin Group. The Virgin Group owns 51% of the airline, and Delta Air Lines owns the remaining 49%. Virgin Atlantics head office is in Crawley, West Sussex, England,. The airline was established in 1984, and was originally planned by co-founders Randolph Fields and Alan Hellary. The pair met Richard Branson and, through negotiations, renamed the airline as Virgin Atlantic. Virgin Atlantic uses a mixed fleet of Airbus and Boeing wide-body jets and operates between the United Kingdom, North America, the Caribbean, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Australia from its main base at Gatwick with secondary bases at London Heathrow and Manchester. The airline has operated domestic flights within the United Kingdom since 31 March 2013. In 2012, Virgin Atlantic carried 5. 4 million passengers, making it the seventh-largest UK airline in terms of passenger volume. In the year to February 2013, the airline had an annual operating loss of ? 128. 4 million In January 1991, the UK opened Heathrow Airport to Virgin when it abolished the London Air Traffic Distribution Rules (TDRs) in response to pressure from the industry. The London TDRs had come into effect in 1978. The rules states that airlines without an international scheduled service from Heathrow prior to 1 April 1977 would not be permitted operations there. According to industry insiders, Virgin Atlantic had increasing financial problems during this period. This was primarily the result of a reduction in demand for travel caused by the recession of the early 1990s, as well as by public fear of travelling in the aftermath of the first Gulf War. SOME MORE FACTS Formed 25 years ago this year, Virgin Atlantic Airways, the infamous red-and-white liveried airline that challenged the hegemony of BA at British airports, must rank as the most successful of the many Virgin brands, and there are more than 40. It is pleasing then that the airline believes in events, and considers them even essential to the success of the brand. And with this being its silver anniversary, a year in which it will be hard to avoid seeing glamorous, red-suited air stewardesses, it seems a more than apt time to examine the Virgins achievements across the event marketplace. SPONSORSHIP Most of 2009s birthday celebration events are being kept tightly under wraps, with June to be the focal point. Expect plenty of buzz in the media and rivers of champagne at Heathrow airport as Virgin stokes public awareness of its festivities to a raging inferno. Unlike many brands in the current climate, Virgin wont be holding back. Virgin Atlantic director of communications Paul Charles says the firm will set a balance of tone and appropriateness in the credit crunch, but will still make a splash. In fact, the memorable retro advertising campaign currently running, which is a fun look at how the brand made such a splash in the aviation industry, stands as a totem for the rest of the brands event marketing this year. CSR Charles spoke to Event upon returning from a Hong Kong sojourn, in which the brand celebrated 15 years of flying to the destination. Typically, it pulled out all the stops, converting a run-down arts centre into a Hong Kong version of Heathrows Virgin Clubhouse, even replicating the pool table and long bar (apparently the longest in any airport globally). CSR is a feature of Virgin Atlantics events. For the launch of its Nairobi service last year the airline took ten frequent flyers those who had raised the most money for charity to paint a school in the Kenyan capital. The programme also restored fresh running water and helped 1,000 villagers. Naturally, this also provided a great photo opportunity for Richard Branson and media coverage for the new route. SMALLER EVENTS Not all events are expensive trips to far-flung new destinations. On the press side, small road shows can be just as effective. Linking to the aforementioned Virgin Atlantic adverts currently doing the rounds, a group of stewardesses has been sent around the country handing out Virgin-branded diaries to newsrooms and shopping centres. Charles says the firm seeks to mix up its events, keeping them fresh and, above all, memorable. I have never worked in such an imaginative team, he says, having been employed by both the BBC and Eurostar. Its an achievement to produce events that get through the clutter and negativity around at the moment. You should be careful about being too brash or over the top, but you can be positive. Virgin Atlantic puts together up to 100 different events a year, which means variety is important. Often, small press events or customer-facing events at airports can go relatively unnoticed, but they are always targeted to a group, no matter how small. STAR ATTRACTIONS Occasionally, though, Virgin does push the boat out, often mining Richard Bransons black book of contacts and a wealth of goodwill towards the Virgin brand in general, with the result that top celebrities are often roped in for events. Bransons Virgin Group currently owns 51 per cent of Virgin Atlantic the other 49 per cent is owned by Singapore Airlines but it is Bransons baby, and he is still integral to its larger events. In December 2007, Bransons friends the Spice Girls, with whom he has done many press events over the years, opened Virgin Atlantics terminal at Heathrow airport. Thanks to the presence of the once-powerful girl band, thousands of fans attended the opening of the ? 1bn facility, and a Virgin Atlantic Boeing 747 jumbo jet was renamed Spice One. The combination of a must-see event with a powerful brand message that the terminal had opened is a classic Virgin tactic, and one that is set to repeat in the summer when the anniversary events launch. SPEND In general, Virgin Atlantic spends between ? 500,000 and ? 1m across its events each year. The biggest of those tend to be the route launches, of which there are two a year on average. Orders for new aircraft and changes within terminals also require events for a brand that is committed to its marketing strategy. Charles runs a communications team of six, alongside an events team of three that is led by head of events Bill Gosbee. Between the nine of them they run all of Virgin Atlantics events. Charles recalls a Virgin event he went to when he worked for the BBC, which was so impressive he didnt stop talking about it for weeks. The talkability factor is central to Virgin Atlantics marketing, as it is across all the Virgin brands. To keep strategy consistent across marketing, advertising, press and events, all disciplines sit on the same floor within Virgins head offices, so the message is rarely lost. I was once told that for every member of the public who comes to an event that works, 12,000 people will hear about it through word of mouth, says Charles. We try to make each event as memorable as possible in order to achieve that target. I think thats a fantastic way to look at it. Triple Bottom Line Triple Bottom Line works on the assumption that the corporation is a member of the moral community, and this gives it social responsibilities. This theory focuses on sustainability, and requires that any company weigh its actions on three independent scales: economic sustainability, social sustainability, and environmental sustainability. These three tabulations are all aimed at long-term sustainability. Economic sustainability must focus on the long term because this is the nature of a persistent company. A decision which creates an economic boon in the short-term (like the Ford Pinto), but causes long-term harm, would likely reduce this bottom line to such a degree that the action would be untenable. Profit is the economic value created by the organization after deducting the cost of all inputs, including the cost of the capital tied up. It therefore differs from traditional accounting definitions of profit. In the original concept, within a sustainability framework, the profit aspect needs to be seen as the real economic benefit enjoyed by the host society. It is the real economic impact the organization has on its economic environment. This is often confused to be limited to the internal profit made by a company or organization (which nevertheless remains an essential starting point for the computation). Therefore, an original TBL approach cannot be interpreted as simply traditional corporate accounting profit plus social and environmental impacts unless the profits of other entities are included as a social benefit. Social sustainability gives precedence on the balance of economic power in the society. Competition in the business arena is common, and encouraged, behavior, but maximizing the bottom line in social terms requires that a business foster an environment in which all can succeed. This might seem counterintuitive, but in the big-picture it is better for a whole society to thrive than for one single corporation to thrive alone. This will allow the company to continue to exist, and it will foster good-will between the company and the society that it exists in. The PCB dumping alluded to in above created an environment in which that company could not exist, and it is no longer present in NC. People pertains to fair and beneficial business practices toward labour and the community and region in which a corporation conducts its business. A TBL company conceives a reciprocal social structure in which the well-being of corporate, labour and other stakeholder interests are interdependent. A triple bottom line enterprise seeks to benefit many constituencies, not exploit or endanger any group of them. The upstreaming of a portion of profit from the marketing of finished goods back to the original producer of raw materials, for example, a farmer in fair trade agricultural practice, is a common feature. In concrete terms, a TBL business would not use child labour and monitor all contracted companies for child labour exploitation, would pay fair salaries to its workers, would maintain a safe work environment and tolerable working hours, and would not otherwise exploit a community or its labour force. A TBL business also typically seeks to give back by contributing to the strength and growth of its community with such things as health care and education. Quantifying this bottom line is relatively new, problematic and often subjective. The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) has developed guidelines to enable corporations and NGOs alike to comparably report on the social impact of a business. The requirement of environmental sustainability stems from the recognition that resources are not infinite, and leads to the reasoning that too much degradation will worsen the lives of ourselves, our children and so on. Members of the moral community ought not to cause undue harm to the people around them and the people who will come later, and so this bottom line values some protection of the environment. The word some in the previous statement introduces vagueness in the calculation, but it might be necessary because there is some risk of environmental degradation in many necessary business activities. The question of how much environmental degradation is acceptable is one that must be answered, but it need not be answered in this module. Suffice it to say that this calculation must be made even if it is a rough calculation. Business cannot operate in a world which is poisoned or used up. Efforts should be made to renew some of the environments that have been harmed in the past, and these environmental harms and gains belong on this bottom line. Planet refers to sustainable environmental practices. A TBL company endeavors to benefit the natural order as much as possible or at the least do no harm and minimise environmental impact. A TBL endeavor reduces its ecological footprint by, among other things, carefully managing its consumption of energy and non-renewables and reducing manufacturing waste as well as rendering waste less toxic before disposing of it in a safe and legal manner. Craddle to Grave is uppermost in the thoughts of TBL manufacturing businesses, which typically conduct a life cycle assessment of products to determine what the true environmental cost is from the growth and harvesting of raw materials to manufacture to distribution to eventual disposal by the end user. A triple bottom line company does not produce harmful or destructive products such as weapons, toxic chemicals or batteries containing dangerous heavy metals, for example. Currently, the cost of disposing of non-degradable or toxic products is borne financially by governments and environmentally by the residents near the disposal site and elsewhere. In TBL thinking, an enterprise which produces and markets a product which will create a waste problem should not be given a free ride by society. It would be more equitable for the business which manufactures and sells a problematic product to bear part of the cost of its ultimate disposal. Ecologically destructive practices, such as overfishing or other endangering depletions of resources are avoided by TBL companies. Often environmental sustainability is the more profitable course for a business in the long run. Arguments that it costs more to be environmentally sound are often specious when the course of the business is analyzed over a period of time. Generally, sustainability reporting metrics are better quantified and standardized for environmental issues than for social ones. A number of respected reporting institutes and registries exist including the Global Reporting Initiative, CERES, Institute 4 Sustainability and others. The reasoning behind this tripartite theory is that if businesses calculate their gains and losses in this way they will be more likely to take actions which are to the benefit of both the business and the community. It is easy, when the numbers are large enough, to ignore the social and environmental dimensions of a business decision. This is because the average business decision is made by comparing the expected costs and benefits in terms of dollars and, only then, considering the other dimensions of that decision. In order to combat this order of operations, the Triple Bottom Line requires that a business decision be composed of all of these elements from the beginning. When the data shows each of these dimensions along the same line, and measured with the same metric, it will be much easier to see the impact of a decision and to judge the fittingness of that decision. Virgin Atlantic Tripple Bottom Line Social: On 12th November 2013, Virgin Atlantic employees along with their friends and family accompanied by a representative of Free The Children (FTC) a team of 42 people started their journey on Indian cycles from Jodhpur till the small village called Kalthana a remote village located 280 Km from Jodhpur. The team after reaching the place visited local high schools and gifted the cycles to the school children. This initiative will encourage more children to reach their high schools and gain education for themselves. Virgin atlantic from this initiative not only complete their social responsibility towards people of India , more importantly it reached the most remote place of Indian village and did its own publicity in a way advertise itself to the rural India. Since more than 75% of the Indian poppulation leaves in rural India this kind of initiative was indeed a very successful event for Virgin Atlantic for their future business opportunities in India. Environmental: A Virgin Atlantic passenger jet has flown from London to Amsterdam with one of its fuel tanks filled with a fuel blend including biofuel made from nuts picked in the Amazon rainforests. The jet was a trial run, according to Virgin founder Richard Branson. Future commercial exploitation of alternative fuels will almost certainly not be based upon the babassu nut source used in this case, since the wild growing nuts would not be a scaleable and sustainable source. Virgin has committed all of the profits from its transport-related businesses to developing environmentally sustainable alternatives. It has committed that biofuels will not be drawn from sources which provide competition to food crops in terms of land use. The fuel blend used contained 20 percent biofuel and 80 percent ordinary jet fuel In 2008 Virgin Atlantic operated a pioneering biofuel demonstration with Boeing and engine manufacturer GE Aviation on a 747 between London and Amsterdam. This was the worlds first flight using biofuel by a commercial airline. Virgin Atlantic has also ordered 15 of the 787-9 Dreamliners which burn around 27% less fuel per passenger than the A340-300, the aircraft it will replace in the Virgin Atlantic fleet. With these innovative steps Virgin Atlantic has taken an important step towards sustainable environmental growth. Some facts – Good to know What exactly is waste-gas based Fuel? It is a fuel that is given off as a by-product of industrial steel production. Until now, it had been released into the atmosphere, so using it to displace new jet fuel is clearly a net improvement, especially if it can be efficiently converted to aviation fuel. This would definitely fall in to the category of low-hanging fruit. The technology was developed in partnership with New Zealand-based Lanza Tech, a company that specializes in the exploitation of industrial waste gases. According to their website, â€Å"LanzaTech’s commercial plants will effectively convert a variety of nonfood, low value gas feed stocks into clean bioethanol and platform chemicals. Our process is able to utilise gases from industry, including steel mill, oil refinery and coal manufacturing waste gases, all with minimal conditioning. † In a statement made to the press at the announcement, LanzaTech’s CEO, Dr. Jennifer Holmgren said, â€Å"This technology will enable airlines to dramatically reduce their carbon footprint by reusing gases that would otherwise have been emitted directly into the atmosphere. It promotes sustainable industrial growth, as the process enables manufacturing plants to recycle their waste carbon emissions. † If all goes well with pilot studies in New Zealand and China, Virgin is prepared to go worldwide with this fuel. According to Branson, â€Å"With oil running out, it is important that new fuel solutions are sustainable, and with the steel industry alone able to deliver over 15 billion gallons of jet fuel annually, the potential is very exciting. This new technology is scalable, sustainable and can be commercially produced at a cost comparable to conventional jet fuel. † Virgin has already pledged to reduce carbon emissions per passenger 30 percent by 2020. Other steps it has taken beyond renewable fuels include investing in more fuel-efficient aircraft and advocating for global carbon cap and trade. This new technology is said to overcome the many land use issues generally associated with biofuels, while cutting lifecycle carbon emissions in half. Some might not consider this new fuel truly sustainable since it depends entirely on fossil fuel-based steel production for its feedstock. It might be more appropriate to put it in the â€Å"do less harm† category, as something that can be used to buy some time until a more sustainable solution, like lighter-than-air, or hydrogen-powered planes can be found. But still, this is good news for all of us who need to fly and care about the impact on the planet. Economical Virgin Atlantic took this initiative to reduce the weight of its aircraft. The company introduced the first four of 10 new airplanes which are 9 percent and 15 percent more efficient on a per-seat basis than the models they replaced. The interior of the new airplanes are being fitted with lighter airframe monuments, seats and galleys which reduce overall weight by 1. 3 tons per airplane. The company is also reducing the amount of potable water carried on the airplanes by 25 percent which helps reduce weight. The reductions Virgin Atlantic has made to reduce its energy use and waste. The company’s target to reduce energy use is 10 percent by 2012 and 20 percent by 2021. It has already reduced energy use by 10. 85 percent since the 2008/2009 base year. There are several ways that the energy target for 2012 has been met, including changing 138 lights to an LED fitting, which uses 95 percent less energy. Another way is through installing next generation Energy Star-compliant server hardware that is about 30 percent energy efficient. The target for waste reduction is 50 percent by 2012 from 2008 levels. So far, Virgin Atlantic has reduced waste 29 percent. It will not meet its target by the end of this year, so it set a new target of meeting the goal by 2015. However, the company did recycle 68 percent of its waste in 2011, so it is on track to meet its target of recycling 75 percent of its waste by the end of 2012. Virgin Atlantic has implemented several initiatives to reduce paper use: Changed to coreless toilet rolls, which saves almost 86,000 toilet rolls a year Introduced an electronic invoicing system for its 750 suppliers, and so far 38 percent have implemented it. Once all the suppliers make the switch, the new system will save about 66,000 pieces of paper, equivalent of 24 trees. Reused 2,071 pieces of stationery Virgin Atlantic diverted almost 30 tons of food waste from winding up in a landfill in 2011, more than twice the 2010 amount, which saves almost 17 tons of greenhouse gas emissions. The food waste goes to a combined heat and power plant, producing enough electricity to power 128 40-watt bulbs for eight hours a day for a year. It also composted 14 tons of green waste in 2011. Reduction in all the above factors, in turn resulted in good amount of profits too for Virgin Atlantic in 2012. SIR RICHARD BRANSON Richard Branson is the founder of United Kingdom-based Virgin Group, which consists of more than 400 companies around the world including the airlines Virgin Atlantic and Virgin America, wireless company Virgin Mobile and international health club Virgin Active. Branson started his first business when he was 16 and in 1972, opened a chain of record stores that kick-started his Virgin brand. His business ventures have ranged from a vodka line to financial services to a private 74-acre island for rent to space tourism. He is the author of six books including his latest, Like a Virgin: Secrets They Wont Teach You at Business School (Portfolio Trade, 2012). Branson is the 4th richest citizen of the United Kingdom, according to the Forbes 2012 list of billionaires, with an estimated net worth of US$4. 6 billion â€Å"Sometimes, in order to get that great business idea off the ground, you need someone to believe in you to give you the confidence to take it forward. 40 years ago it was my mum who gave me the push I needed to start-up for myself – and she’s been my best supporter and source of advice ever since. † – Sir Richard Branson stated on the launch of virginstartup. org. This site will help new entrepreneurs with the finances as well as with one-to-one mentorship just like he got from his mother. (launched on 27th November 2013) With this in mind he has asked the team at Virgin StartUp, which is not-for-profit organisation to support young entrepreneurs in England. This will help new aspiring entrepreneurs achieve their dreams. Sir Richard is an idol for all the such aspiring businessmen across the world.